Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay Example

Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay Example Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay The topic, ‘social responsibility in marketing’ refers to a few ethical principles that the corporations are expected to follow.   Main motive of the businessmen is to earn maximum revenue. However, in recent years, society expects that the corporate world also contribute to the welfare of the people. Therefore, while marketing the products the companies need to take into consideration the possible impact of marketing techniques on the society. Recently, a few tobacco companies, including British American Tobacco, have been criticized for not openly acknowledging the fact that tobacco products can lead to dangerous consequences. Tobacco companies have misled the users of tobacco by not directly stating that consumption of tobacco products would lead to harmful effects on the health of the individuals. These companies have been inspiring the young people to consume tobacco.(Chapman 445) The young people are informed that by smoking they could achieve happiness in life. These advertisements have destroyed the life several individuals who have used tobacco. A few scholars and activists have registered their protest against the companies headed by corporate leaders like Philip Morris who attempted to give the impression that his company is committed to bring welfare of the people in the society. These tobacco companies decided to sponsor a few conferences on corporate responsibility and ethical marketing. Participants of these conferences have expressed their reluctance to be associated with the tobacco companies because these scholars are convinced that these industries have not worked for the welfare of the society. Through their effective marketing techniques, these companies have been able to obtain substantial profits. However, in the process, this has affected the health of millions of people. Recently, a US court gave the verdict that all internal documents of t obacco firms should be made public, which means that now the public would be able to analyze the marketing techniques and real motives of these companies. Millions of documents of these companies are now available in their websites. This has imposed a great pressure on the corporations to prove that they have responded to the feelings and aspirations of the society. These companies need to contribute to the welfare of society. On the contrary, the scholars are unhappy with these companies because they have avoided their social responsibility while marketing their products. The scholars have boycotted such companies from academic bodies, indicating that the companies need to change their attitude towards marketing ethics.(Chapman 446) Many industrialists have realized that they need to make positive contributions to the society and that they are expected to restructure their marketing techniques so as to achieve the twin objectives of profit enhancement and following the principles of marketing ethics. Academicians and industrialists have participated in conferences to discuss the desired strategy of corporate people in order to avoid negative impact of marketing techniques pursued by these industrialists. Academicians have argued that apart from achieving brand name and customer satisfaction in the form of product quality, the corporations also need to believe in the principles of social welfare and quality of life. By introducing a few changes in the marketing of the products it is possible to achieve social welfare. For example, in the developing countries, the drugs related to AIDS are sold at a cheaper price. These pharmaceutical companies have done a great service to the society by understanding the needs of the community. In a similar manner, industries belonging to other sectors also need to collaborate with social activists in order to justify their marketing practices. The academicians have requested the industrialists to incorporate responsibility management perspective in their marketing strategies. (Bhattacharya et.al.) The corporations have been justifying their unethical marketing techniques by claiming that they have been following marketing techniques, which are considered as legal. This would mean that as long as a particular product is not banned by the government, the industrialists can continue to market products such as cigarettes and fast food. However, it is proved that many of these products, although legal, are not ethical. The corporations are required to distinguish between legal and ethical aspects while marketing a product. However, lack of ethics can be found in other spheres also. For example, the politicians have been involved in various scandals, and they have allowed the corporations to continue to sell their products in spite of the fact that they affect the overall health of the society. However, legislators cannot introduce laws that can prohibit all the marketing techniques that can be perceived as unethical. (Nucifora) The corporations have used advertisements in order to determine the attitude of the people. The companies have used the service of celebrities in order to market their products. This has encouraged the people to consume products such as tobacco and food products which have harmed their health. However, in recent years people are becoming wiser. Corporate marketing strategies are analyzed by the media, and this has increased the awareness of the public regarding the marketing techniques used by the companies in order to make the people to consume their products. For example, it has been found that the young people have been consuming too much fat when compared to the earlier generation. Many Physicians have reported that several young people are suffering from cholesterol-related health problems. Pizza and hamburger shops have justified their advertising techniques although their products do not contribute to welfare of the people. Now the people have become more concerned with profit motives of the companies. This indicates that the corporations need to contribute to the social welfare. They need to design products and market them so that they would not harm the individuals in the society. (Nucifora) Different scholars have given various definitions of the concept of corporate social responsibility. For Milton Friedman this concept meant attempt made by the corporations to maximize their profits by following the rules of the state.(Coelho et.al.) However, this definition is not accepted by many other scholars who have argued that corporate social responsibility involves not only legal issues but also ethical aspects expected from businessmen. Therefore, businessmen, apart from trying to obtain profits, also should strive to achieve the social welfare. In order to achieve this, an attempt should be made by the marketing companies to realize the negative consequences of the use of marketing techniques. (Coelho et.al.) However, some scholars believe that corporate social responsibility should not be imposed on the companies as this would violate the rights of the shareholders. The main motive of the company should be to increase company revenue. By involving in social responsibility tasks, the companies may lose their image as profit making enterprises, which may compel the shareholders to withdraw their investments from these companies. It is suggested by these scholars that a company should give importance to social responsibility only when these tasks improve the revenue or brand image of the company. This shows that some scholars have objected to the argument that organizations should give importance to the concept of social responsibility. When the companies give greater importance to their social responsibility this would mean that money is not spent for the welfare of the shareholders and customers, and this may negatively affect the revenue potential of the company. (Lantos 2) The corporations are expected to give importance to various kinds of responsibilities including ethical responsibility, which refers to conduct of business through fair means without harming the society. However, it is found that many companies have failed to concentrate on ethical responsibility as they have given greater importance to their economic responsibility, which refers to earning profits in order to satisfy the shareholders. Some scholars have argued that main responsibility of the companies is to follow the rules framed by the government pertaining to marketing of a particular product. However, while sticking to rules, the companies also can violate ethical principles as particular marketing techniques can harm social groups. It has been argued by Lantos that companies need to give importance to only strategic responsibility.(Lantos 3) This would mean that they need to accept only those social responsibilities that can lead to increased revenue to the company. For example , by exhibiting the company interest in following ethical principles, the company can get more customers. However, the motive of this theory of social responsibility can be questioned because many scholars believe that profit motive and corporate social responsibility should be differentiated in order to achieve the welfare of the society. The above argument of Lantos is not acceptable. The various companies have been marketing their products with the intention of gaining profits. However, they also need to assess the impact of their products and try to modify the products when they find that their products have negative impact on the health of the majority. The companies claim that they produce and market only those products that are demanded by customers. Their argument is that customers would not ask for something which is bad for them. However, in all the cases customers may not be able to judge the value of different products. One product such as tobacco or alcohol may be good for some customers, while it may be bad for the society as a whole. Taking into consideration such situations, one can suggest that companies need to market only those products which the companies can justify. By producing quality products, the marketing companies can be proud of their achievement as they have contributed to the welfare of t he society.(Kotler) The company needs to research the methods of removing side effects of its products. Negative effect of products can be removed by introducing measures such as encouraging companies to produce safe products, restricting the sale of particular products which affects many people in the society, imposing taxes on harmful products so that people will lose their interest in some products, and public education campaigns. Socially responsible companies can also become profitable companies by pursuing measures necessary to achieve the objectives of obtaining profit and at the same time become socially responsible. Many companies have remained socially responsible, while at the same time increasing their revenue. Marketers have introduced various products such as computers, automobiles and other items which have benefited many people, while they are abused by some customers. In such cases, one cannot blame the companies. However, the corporations are expected to follow a few basic ethical prin ciples so that they would not hurt the physical and mental health of the people. There is a need for minimum government intervention in the corporate activities in order to encourage the businessmen to follow ethical principles while marketing their products. (Kotler) Although the main motive of the companies is to earn revenue and satisfy the demands of shareholders, the corporations are also expected to understand their social responsibility. While marketing the products, the companies need to analyze the positive and negative impact of such products on the society. The modern customer has obtained information regarding ethical principles that a company is expected to follow while introducing a product. Many academicians believe that the corporations need to introduce products that lead to  Ã‚   welfare of the society.

Where in the Country Should You Go to College

Where in the Country Should You Go to College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the biggest decisions you’ll make in the process of choosing a college is where in the country you’d like to be. There are some ways that location can impact your college experience and other ways that it can be irrelevant. I’ll give you an overview of why or why not location might matter to you and how you can make an informed choice about where to go! Why Might It Matter Where in the Country You Go to College? There are a few reasons why where your college is located might impact your experiences.Here are some things to consider. Your LocationWill Affect How Frequently You Can Visit Home If you choose to go to college in a part of the country that’s far from your hometown, you won’t be able to visit your parents and high school friends as often.You might have to spend some holidays apart from your family because of the costs and logistics of travel. If you go to college near where you live, you will probably be able to visit home and see your family very frequently.This can have its drawbacks if your parents are especially overbearing or you end up neglecting your social life at college and going home every weekend instead. Different Areas Are Better for Different Types of Career Opportunities If, for example, you want to go into the performing arts, it might be advantageous for you to be in a place like New York City for college.If you’re interested in computer science and the startup scene, you might fit better in the Bay Area in California. If you're interested in healthcare, you could consider going to school in a state like Massachusetts where there are many excellent hospitals. Certainareas of the country are known for their specialization in specific industries, so they might be better or worse places for you in terms of jobs andinternships. If you're already thinking about this in high school, it's officially time to mourn for your childhood. Cost of Living May Be Lower or Higher in Different Areas of the Country In general, it’s more expensive to live in coastal states, particularly in large cities.If you want to rent an apartment at some point in college, you’ll have a much easier time affording it in a Midwestern state than you willin New York City. Cities overall can end up costing you more money because of the price of going out to events and the temptation to eat off-campus all the time.New York City, San Francisco, and Washington D.C. lead the pack in term of the most expensive major US cities based on average rent and other costs of living. The Weather in Different Areas of the Country Varies Significantly This is a no-brainer, but it’s something to consider.In New England, you’ll experience the four seasons, but it might get extremely cold and unpleasant in the winter.In the South, you won’t have any problems keeping warm, but the heat can be brutal and seasonal changes are minimal.Some people might find that they’re happier in areas where it’s sunny and warm most of the time, and others might be eager to experience their first snowfall in college while sipping a mug of hot chocolate. Stop trying to make winter happen. It's not going to happen. Why Might It NotMatter Where in the Country You Go to College? Although there are some reasons to think about regional location as a factor in your college decision, you should also keep in mind that if the factors listed above aren’t important to you, your experiences won’t suffer based on where you are. You don’t need to be in a specific place to get a solid education. There may be more selective schools in certain areas, but there are at least a couple of schools in every region where the quality of your educational experience will be high.Some of the best schools are in remote areas that you wouldn’t think about, like Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, which is consistently ranked among the top liberal arts colleges in the country. Of course, this all depends on how strict your criteria is for a good school. If you're only interested in the top 20 colleges, most of them are in the northeast or on the west coast. If you expand your definition to include the top 200 colleges, it will be relatively easy to find a school that's up to your standards in any area of the country.Even if you think you’re an â€Å"East Coast† person or a â€Å"Southern† person, you’ll almost certainly meet students you can relate to in any geographical location.Although there may be different cultural norms in different parts of the country, you shouldn’t worry that you won’t find friends if you go somewhere new.At most colleges, there is a niche for every type of student.You might end up finding your best friends in a place you never expected! Much like this cleverly camouflaged owl, you will find your niche. WhereShouldYouGo to College? How Can You Decide? There are many factors that might play into this decision.Again, keep in mind that there is no â€Å"bad† area of the country for you to attend college. Where you are can make a difference in your experience, but it really comes down to personal preference.Here are a few questions you should ask yourself to guide your choices. How Comfortable Are You With Going Far From Home for College? This is probably the most significant question that goes into choosing the location of your college.If you want to visit home frequently, going to college on the other side of the country might be tough for you no matter how great the school is.If you're looking to get as far from home as possible, a school 3,000 miles away might be a better choice for you than a school that’s an hour away from your parents’ house. Going to school farther away from home can mean some tricky logistics in terms of transporting your belongings and organizing trips to see your family.Make sure you’re willing to navigate these issues and won’t be too bummed out if you can’t make it to Thanksgiving. Read this article for more advice on whether you should go to college close to home. Do You Have Any Specific Job Interests That Will Be Better Served in a Certain Area of the Country? As I mentioned, some parts of the country are known to provide the best opportunities in certain industries.If you already have some idea of what you want to study, you should investigate where you might go to be in the best place for internships and jobs in the industry.It’s possible to find opportunities for most job fields almost anywhere, but if you have strong convictions about your career path, it’s a good idea to position yourself strategically. If you’re still undecided in what you want to study, you shouldn’t worry too much about this! If you don't know what you love yet, that's okay. Your brain is still working on transitioning to adulthood. Are You Especially Concerned About the Costs of College? You don’t necessarily have to spend more money on college just because you’re in an expensive coastal city, but it’s likely enough that you should take it under consideration in your college decisions.If you’re hoping to live off campus at some point, you might want to avoid cities with really high rents. Costs tend to also be higher if you choose to go to college far from home but still plan on visiting semi-regularly. Plane tickets and shipping costs for your belongings can add up quickly. These factors may be of more or less importance depending on your financial aid situation and the scholarships colleges give you. Do You Have Any Climate Preferences? Which is worse in your opinion? Being too cold or being too hot?This shouldn’t play a huge role in your decision, but you might use it to guide your college search towards areas that fit better with your preferences.You probably shouldn’t go to school in Maine if you hate snow, and you probably shouldn’t go to school in Florida if you hate it when the air temperature makes you feel like you’re always in a sauna. Seasonal changes are also factors that might come into play.For example, since I grew up in Massachusetts, I have a lot of nostalgia surrounding fall in particular.Many traditions that come with the seasons are tied to changes in the weather that don’t happen in every area of the country. Apple picking and excessive apple consumption are both staples of my autumn experience. Conclusion "Where should I go to college?" is an important question. It may matter where in the country you go to college depending on how strong your preferences are for a certain type of experience.Some factors to consider include distance from home, potential job opportunities, costs of living, and weather patterns. One thing that the location of your college will not determine is the quality of your education. If you don’t feel very strongly about any of the factors listed, you shouldn’t worry too much about regional variation.As long as you love the school itself, you will have a great time in college no matter where you are! What's Next? Are you worried about the college application process? Take a look at my infographic showing the steps you'll need to take junior and senior year in order to successfully apply to college. How can you find a college that's the right fit for you? Read this guide to researching colleges to find out. College ranking lists have a strong hold on our perceptionsof the quality of different schools. Learn more about whether you should trust these lists when conducting your college research. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Artist Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artist Statement - Essay Example Some of the information include the creature habitats and habits. Further, nocturnal photos can be used in studying the rare animals that only come out at night because during the day they hide in their caves. These animals are known as nocturne creatures. Additionally, nocturnal photos on animals can be stored in archives for future reference thus act as a source of information to researches and zoology students in educational centres. In addition, this practice of taking photos is essential in establishing the near extinction animals. Thus helps to trigger the need to protect them from extinction by establishing measures that will mitigate the rate of extinction. However, nocturnal photos promotes art because it gives artisans ideas on what to draw and even curve thus enhancing creativity. Additionally, from the curves and the drawing future generations can learn about the creatures. Moreover, this photos in a way help to market countries to tourists who are in love with animals and wish to explore more. Through this, a country will receive an increase in the number of tourists visiting their nation, hence uplifting it gross domestic product. Furthermore, the characteristics that accompany the nocturnal photos can be of great use to game wardens by educating them on how to handle those animals effectively to avoid damage or injuries since some of them are poisonous. Secondly, nocturnal photos about human beings are taken in special occasions conducted during the night. Events like film shooting, fire bourn parties and many more. Therefore, these photos can be stored and referred to in future to remember the Good times in a person’s life. Thirdly, nocturnal photos about unique structural features are used to highlight the features of a nation. By doing this it will attract tourism to their states. This structural nocturnal photos can also be places in school libraries to teach the students

Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production Essay

Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production - Essay Example The research was designed to determine where the customer places blame for a negative outcome, or who they assign credit to for a positive outcome. The research in intended for any firm that distributes or produces goods and services where the customer participates in co-production. The research was conducted using undergraduate students in a controlled research study. It was conducted in two phases, which examined the customer's self-serving bias, or the degree that they took responsibility for a positive or negative outcome. The first phase examined the impact that the self-serving bias has on customer satisfaction, and the second phase examined methods to reduce the self-serving bias. It has been traditionally thought that the lowered price of a self-serve product and customer participation, such as with self-serve gasoline, would bring about greater satisfaction based on economics. However, there is also a level of psychological satisfaction with the firm that is based on the outcome of the transaction and the customer participation. The research found that if the outcome is positive, the customer has less satisfaction with the firm when they participate in the production. This indicates that the customer takes partial credit for the positive outcome.

Unconscious mind Essay Example for Free

Unconscious mind Essay ?The pioneer I chose to elaborate on is Carl Gustav Jung, his views and research tactics have contributed to today’s understanding of psychology and expanded our knowledge on several different aspects and elements of psychology. Jung is best known for his development of archetypes, studies of the human psyche, the dream analysis and the collective unconscious. Carl Jung was born July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland; he passed away on June 6, 1961 in Zurich. Originally Carl studied medicine, but also developed an interest in spiritual phenomena. This fascination with medicine and spirituality led him into the field of psychiatry. In 1902, he graduated from the University of Basel with a medical degree. Jung worked with psychiatric patients at the University of Zurich asylum. In 1906, he wrote Studies in Word Association and sent a copy to Sigmund Freud. The two became friends. His time spent working with Sigmund Freud had a major impact on Jung’s later theories and helped him develop a fascination for the unconscious mind. Jung wanted to further understanding of the human mind through dreams, myth, art and philosophy. Jung began to separate from Freudian theory, rejecting Freuds emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation. It was during this period of intense self-analysis that Jung became increasingly interested in dreams and symbols, later using what he learned during this time as the basis for his theories of psychology. Jung became more organized about his theoretical approach, broke from psychodynamic theories and formed his own theory called Analytical Psychology. Jungs colleagues in the psychoanalytic community turned against him due to parting from Freud. Carl devoted himself to exploring his own subconscious. He recorded his experience in a previously unpublished book known at The Red Book and continued to write and illustrate the book over the next fifteen years, the book became published in 2009. Jung believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Jung believed the collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species. Jung also believed that the process of individuation was essential in order for a person to become whole and fully developed as a human being. Individuation is a process in which the various parts of a person, including the conscious and unconscious, become completely integrated so that the individual becomes his or her true self. In general, it is the process by which individual beings are formed and differentiated from others. While Jungian theory has numerous critics, Carl Jungs work left a notable impact on psychology. His concepts of introversion and extraversion have contributed to personality psychology and also influenced psychotherapy. His advice to a patient suffering from alcoholism led to the formation of Alcoholics Anonymous, which has helped millions of people suffering from alcohol dependence. According to Jung, dreams are a way of communicating and acquainting yourself with the unconscious. Dreams are not attempts to conceal your true feelings from the waking mind, but rather they are a window to your unconscious. They serve to guide the waking self to achieve wholeness and offer a solution to a problem you are facing in your waking life. Jung views the ego as your sense of self and how you portray yourself to the world. Part of Jungs theory is that all things can be viewed as paired opposites: good/evil, male/female, or love/hate. So working in opposition to the ego, is the counter ego or what he refers to as the shadow. The shadow represents the rejected aspects of yourself that you do not wish to acknowledge. The shadow is more primitive, somewhat uncultured, and a little awkward. http://www. dreaminterpretation-dictionary. com/carl-jung-theory. html Archetypes constitute the structure of the collective unconscious they are psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent basic human behavior and situations. Thus mother-child relationship is governed by the mother archetype. Father-child by the father archetype. Birth, death, power and failure are controlled by archetypes. The religious and mystique experiences are also governed by archetypes. The most important of all is the Self, which is the archetype of the Center of the psychic person, his/her totality or wholeness. The Center is made of the unity of conscious and unconscious reached through the individuation process. Archetypes manifest themselves through archetypal images (in all the cultures and religious doctrines), in dreams and visions. Therefore a great deal of Jungian interest in psyche focuses on dreams and symbols interpretation in order to discover the compensation induced by archetypes as marks of psyche transformation. The collective unconscious is an universal datum, that is, every human being is endowed with this psychic archetype-layer since his/her birth. One can not acquire this strata by education or other conscious effort because it is innate. We may also describe it as a universal library of human knowledge, or the sage in man, the very transcendental wisdom that guides mankind. Jung stated that the religious experience must be linked with the experience of the archetypes of the collective unconscious. Thus, God himself is lived like a psychic experience of the path that leads one to the realization of his/her psychic wholeness. http://www. carl-jung. net/archetypes. html http://www. carl-jung. net/index. html.

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne Essay examples -- The Boy

A world in which old men can be degraded and abused, a world in which people wearing dirty, unwashed, striped uniforms are not seen as being oppressed, a world in which a starving boy of identical age yet vastly different physique is seen as simply being unfortunate - such a world cannot exist. Or can it? In the world of Bruno, this is precisely the way the world is. John Boyne's book "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas" invites the readers to embark on an imaginative journey at two levels. At the first level, Boyne himself embarks upon an imaginative journey that explores a possible scenario in relation to Auschwitz. Bruno is a 9 year old boy growing up in a loving, but typically authoritarian German family in the 1930?s. His father is a senior military officer who is appointed Commandant of Auschwitz ? a promotion that requires upheaval from their comfortable home in Berlin to an austere home in the Polish countryside. The story explores Bruno?s difficulty in accepting and adapting to this change - especially the loss of his friends and grandparents. Boyne gives personality and family to the sort of person who today is generally demonised by western writings - the people who administered and controlled the death camps in which over 6 million Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other deemed to be grossly inferior by Hitler and his cohorts. In so doing he encourages us to see a different world ? a world in which obedience is paramount and in which authority figures can never be questioned. He shows us the problem that surfaces when people who are trained to be obedient are confronted with orders that, if analysed and considered, can be clearly seen to be an affront to all human values and decency. People can happily obey ?The Fury? ... ... will inevitably become subsumed by the terrible process. Bruno's imaginative journey is a flight from reality. It is a classic example of the psychological "fight or flight" syndrome experienced by all animals (including humans) when they are confronted by something of which they are unsure or afraid - something which challenges their current reality. What Boyne does in this story is to use Bruno to show how either approach can be totally destructive: the critical lesson is that we must acknowledge reality and do what we can to remove the fences that would destroy not only ?us? but our entire world. All imaginative journeys lead to a revelation - both Bruno and the readers will come to realize that their imaginative journeys have transformed them and affected them in indescribable ways and we, the readers come to a realization as well about what is happening.

Drug Testing Law

Laws for the test of employees or job applicants for drug or alcohol abuse have evoked the consciousness of many since its inception in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed an Executive Order 12564, that prohibited all federal employees to refrain themselves from using illegal drugs, as a condition of federal employment. And then two years later, Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 which created federal Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing which was applied to executive agencies of the federal government, the uniformed services, and contractors or service providers under contract with the federal government.Although this Act was only applied to Federal governments yet states and Local Governments followed the suit.   There is no doubt of the fact that Drug and Alcohol abuse by employees creates loss of billions of dollars each year and gives a great set back to the economy as a whole yet from the employees point of view it is a sheer violation of their personal rights, and its misuse is a cause of humiliation to several prospective employees. It is moral duty of the employers to check the menace of drug edicts in the work place but this moral policing disrupts Kant’s theology of Categorical imperative.Internationally,   the of drug testing in work place is covered in a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12 whereby it is declared that â€Å"No one should be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy†.The 1996 ILO Code of Practice on Management of alcohol and drug-related issues declares that the testing should be undertaken in accordance to national laws and practice.  The Guiding Principles of this   testing, which is mentioned in the Annex V of the Code of Practice, clearly emphasis on workers rights, employers rights, public rights and individual rights.Infact even in 2003,   the International Labor Organization reported that , â€Å"Drug testing in the workplace is an issue beset with technical, legal and ethical controversies.†(Legal Testing In Work Place, Last Change On Tuesday, 31st October 2006.)Even the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950 to guarantees the right to privacy, except â€Å"in the interest of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder and crime, for the protection of health and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others† .In the European Union, In the European Directive 89/391/EEC on the introduction of encouraging in improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, applies according to Article 6 that the employer have a duty ensuring the safety and health of workers in every aspect related to the work, with Art.6(5) exonerating the workers from liability for financial cost.  Even in Artical 11 states that â€Å"Employers shall consult workers and/or their representatives and allow them to take part in dis cussions on all questions relating to safety and health at work†.In different countries there are different patterns for drug testing in the work place. Only Finland (2003), Ireland (2005) and Norway (2005) reports clearly and specifically addresses the issue of drug testing in the workplace.   Nevertheless, for different countries, there are different patterns/differences are visible.Kant believes that human beings plays a very important role in creation. Just merely passing the law does not the justify the action. The ordering of the use of drug in workplace is a system that cannot persuade moral action or regarded as bases for moral judgments, In his ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals' (1785) Kant gave us three versions of the Categorical Imperatives of all the moral commands are based:1. ‘Act as if the maxim of your action was to become through your will a universal law of nature.'In Christianity this simply means that ‘You treat others if you wan t others to treat you.' (Matthew 7:12). But the question arises how it is connected to Compulsory drug testing in work place? The reason is simple, the compulsory drug testing is itself a derogatory and you are treating others in humiliating manner.â€Å"'Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but at the same time as an end.'In this context it implies that drug testing is unfair, as the innocents who has never touched drugs all through the life have to face the testing which implies the test of urine. Humans are the most important factor in deciding what is moral or ethical and their suffering is never justified as a means to any end.3. ‘So act as if you were through your maxims a law-making member of a kingdom of ends'Before making or implementing any law, the rights of others should always be kept in mind. No one should involve himself or herself in Prisoner’s Dilemma i.e. n obody should just follow the selfish interests and others should also not become a puppet and gets stuck in the web of incredulous life.   The American Civil Liberties Union opposes indiscriminate urine testing (American Civil Liberties Union Briefing Paper Number 5 +—————————–+ DRU)The Kant theory says that human nature was fundamentally good and can understand and inherent in their character, the moral choices. It is immoral to take drug in Work places because it can be harmful to the company, but intruding into the privacy of the individual even if he or she is innocent which according to the company is an act of morality but amount to unethical behaviorAs the man was born in this world, he is carrying along generation to generation among others the characteristic or trait of what he called as Selfishness or selfish motive. And this trait is explicitly integrated in the theory Psychological egoism, which prop ounds that every person is in a possession of but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. All the activities that he does indirectly or directly are encircled around his or her own interest.   If you are doing something for your own sake that intricately involves your activity is benefiting yours and others and also must have desire to do the thing for your own sake.Desire is the most prerequisite thing for psychological egoism. If it is a desire to do certain things then the satisfaction of these desires is a part of your welfare. If I am helping others and here also your desire comes and is a part of welfare. In this case of drug testing, here the employers implies the drug testing for the welfare of others but it is his self interest or urge of profitability and maintaining morality in the work place that plays in the mind of the employers while imposing drug testing on employees. This is a law in itself but became a desire – a desire of employers.A bigger problem for psychol ogical egoism is that some behavior does not seem to be explained by self-regarding desires. Say a soldier throws himself on a grenade to prevent others from being killed. It does not seem that the soldier is pursuing his perceived self-interest. It is plausible that, if asked, the soldier would have said that he threw himself on the grenade because he wanted to save the lives of others or because it was his duty. While this law is encircled with lot of criticism, the psychological egoist implies that what employer is doing is right.Though he is pursuing his own self-interest then also it is advocated that what he is doing is good for the Society as a whole. But he might is taking away the right of job to the deserving or qualified candidate, it is also possible that though he must he taking drugs in the past but has recently put an end to it. In this situation, you are deriving his or her fundamental right to live.This psychological egoist indicates that companies should adopt the method or procedures by propagating the welfare and profit that is attached to this law, and then implemented with the self-interest of the company, explaining all the positive effects to the people.In-fact, the law states that you don't have to submit to drug testing if you don't want to. That's your right. But, the consequences might be the same if you failed to comply the drug testing, because then you will be considered guilty until you are proven innocent under the current program. Again, under municipal or state drug testing laws, an employer might have good cause to fire you, while potential employers might refuse to hire you.This drug testing may reduce drug-related problems, but it may not reduce the harm that the drugs caused in society. Indeed, this process increases the harm to those not deterred, by causing collateral harmful impacts on family members and others.Its desire impact on the Society is the decrease in employment opportunities for drug users, additionally it also creates economic problems for drug users and their families, and in turn the trauma that is caused due to unemployment again increases the chances of drug users towards more use of drugs to relieve from trauma and stress. For example, in 1990, 1.1 % of employed adults use the cocaine, whereas the rate for unemployed adults was 2.7%, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991. Thus the removal of drug use from the work place may not reduce the number of problem users but may actually increase it.REFERANCES1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legal status of drug testing in the workplace, http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.Content;nNodeID=16901;sLanguageISO=EN, Last change: Tuesday, 31 October 20062.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Testing in the Workplace, From the ‘Lectric Law Library's stacks, http://www.lectlaw.com/files/emp02.htm3.      Shaver Robert, (4th Nov. 2002), â€Å"Egoism†, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.