Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay Example

Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay Example Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay Social Responsibility in Marketing Essay The topic, ‘social responsibility in marketing’ refers to a few ethical principles that the corporations are expected to follow.   Main motive of the businessmen is to earn maximum revenue. However, in recent years, society expects that the corporate world also contribute to the welfare of the people. Therefore, while marketing the products the companies need to take into consideration the possible impact of marketing techniques on the society. Recently, a few tobacco companies, including British American Tobacco, have been criticized for not openly acknowledging the fact that tobacco products can lead to dangerous consequences. Tobacco companies have misled the users of tobacco by not directly stating that consumption of tobacco products would lead to harmful effects on the health of the individuals. These companies have been inspiring the young people to consume tobacco.(Chapman 445) The young people are informed that by smoking they could achieve happiness in life. These advertisements have destroyed the life several individuals who have used tobacco. A few scholars and activists have registered their protest against the companies headed by corporate leaders like Philip Morris who attempted to give the impression that his company is committed to bring welfare of the people in the society. These tobacco companies decided to sponsor a few conferences on corporate responsibility and ethical marketing. Participants of these conferences have expressed their reluctance to be associated with the tobacco companies because these scholars are convinced that these industries have not worked for the welfare of the society. Through their effective marketing techniques, these companies have been able to obtain substantial profits. However, in the process, this has affected the health of millions of people. Recently, a US court gave the verdict that all internal documents of t obacco firms should be made public, which means that now the public would be able to analyze the marketing techniques and real motives of these companies. Millions of documents of these companies are now available in their websites. This has imposed a great pressure on the corporations to prove that they have responded to the feelings and aspirations of the society. These companies need to contribute to the welfare of society. On the contrary, the scholars are unhappy with these companies because they have avoided their social responsibility while marketing their products. The scholars have boycotted such companies from academic bodies, indicating that the companies need to change their attitude towards marketing ethics.(Chapman 446) Many industrialists have realized that they need to make positive contributions to the society and that they are expected to restructure their marketing techniques so as to achieve the twin objectives of profit enhancement and following the principles of marketing ethics. Academicians and industrialists have participated in conferences to discuss the desired strategy of corporate people in order to avoid negative impact of marketing techniques pursued by these industrialists. Academicians have argued that apart from achieving brand name and customer satisfaction in the form of product quality, the corporations also need to believe in the principles of social welfare and quality of life. By introducing a few changes in the marketing of the products it is possible to achieve social welfare. For example, in the developing countries, the drugs related to AIDS are sold at a cheaper price. These pharmaceutical companies have done a great service to the society by understanding the needs of the community. In a similar manner, industries belonging to other sectors also need to collaborate with social activists in order to justify their marketing practices. The academicians have requested the industrialists to incorporate responsibility management perspective in their marketing strategies. (Bhattacharya et.al.) The corporations have been justifying their unethical marketing techniques by claiming that they have been following marketing techniques, which are considered as legal. This would mean that as long as a particular product is not banned by the government, the industrialists can continue to market products such as cigarettes and fast food. However, it is proved that many of these products, although legal, are not ethical. The corporations are required to distinguish between legal and ethical aspects while marketing a product. However, lack of ethics can be found in other spheres also. For example, the politicians have been involved in various scandals, and they have allowed the corporations to continue to sell their products in spite of the fact that they affect the overall health of the society. However, legislators cannot introduce laws that can prohibit all the marketing techniques that can be perceived as unethical. (Nucifora) The corporations have used advertisements in order to determine the attitude of the people. The companies have used the service of celebrities in order to market their products. This has encouraged the people to consume products such as tobacco and food products which have harmed their health. However, in recent years people are becoming wiser. Corporate marketing strategies are analyzed by the media, and this has increased the awareness of the public regarding the marketing techniques used by the companies in order to make the people to consume their products. For example, it has been found that the young people have been consuming too much fat when compared to the earlier generation. Many Physicians have reported that several young people are suffering from cholesterol-related health problems. Pizza and hamburger shops have justified their advertising techniques although their products do not contribute to welfare of the people. Now the people have become more concerned with profit motives of the companies. This indicates that the corporations need to contribute to the social welfare. They need to design products and market them so that they would not harm the individuals in the society. (Nucifora) Different scholars have given various definitions of the concept of corporate social responsibility. For Milton Friedman this concept meant attempt made by the corporations to maximize their profits by following the rules of the state.(Coelho et.al.) However, this definition is not accepted by many other scholars who have argued that corporate social responsibility involves not only legal issues but also ethical aspects expected from businessmen. Therefore, businessmen, apart from trying to obtain profits, also should strive to achieve the social welfare. In order to achieve this, an attempt should be made by the marketing companies to realize the negative consequences of the use of marketing techniques. (Coelho et.al.) However, some scholars believe that corporate social responsibility should not be imposed on the companies as this would violate the rights of the shareholders. The main motive of the company should be to increase company revenue. By involving in social responsibility tasks, the companies may lose their image as profit making enterprises, which may compel the shareholders to withdraw their investments from these companies. It is suggested by these scholars that a company should give importance to social responsibility only when these tasks improve the revenue or brand image of the company. This shows that some scholars have objected to the argument that organizations should give importance to the concept of social responsibility. When the companies give greater importance to their social responsibility this would mean that money is not spent for the welfare of the shareholders and customers, and this may negatively affect the revenue potential of the company. (Lantos 2) The corporations are expected to give importance to various kinds of responsibilities including ethical responsibility, which refers to conduct of business through fair means without harming the society. However, it is found that many companies have failed to concentrate on ethical responsibility as they have given greater importance to their economic responsibility, which refers to earning profits in order to satisfy the shareholders. Some scholars have argued that main responsibility of the companies is to follow the rules framed by the government pertaining to marketing of a particular product. However, while sticking to rules, the companies also can violate ethical principles as particular marketing techniques can harm social groups. It has been argued by Lantos that companies need to give importance to only strategic responsibility.(Lantos 3) This would mean that they need to accept only those social responsibilities that can lead to increased revenue to the company. For example , by exhibiting the company interest in following ethical principles, the company can get more customers. However, the motive of this theory of social responsibility can be questioned because many scholars believe that profit motive and corporate social responsibility should be differentiated in order to achieve the welfare of the society. The above argument of Lantos is not acceptable. The various companies have been marketing their products with the intention of gaining profits. However, they also need to assess the impact of their products and try to modify the products when they find that their products have negative impact on the health of the majority. The companies claim that they produce and market only those products that are demanded by customers. Their argument is that customers would not ask for something which is bad for them. However, in all the cases customers may not be able to judge the value of different products. One product such as tobacco or alcohol may be good for some customers, while it may be bad for the society as a whole. Taking into consideration such situations, one can suggest that companies need to market only those products which the companies can justify. By producing quality products, the marketing companies can be proud of their achievement as they have contributed to the welfare of t he society.(Kotler) The company needs to research the methods of removing side effects of its products. Negative effect of products can be removed by introducing measures such as encouraging companies to produce safe products, restricting the sale of particular products which affects many people in the society, imposing taxes on harmful products so that people will lose their interest in some products, and public education campaigns. Socially responsible companies can also become profitable companies by pursuing measures necessary to achieve the objectives of obtaining profit and at the same time become socially responsible. Many companies have remained socially responsible, while at the same time increasing their revenue. Marketers have introduced various products such as computers, automobiles and other items which have benefited many people, while they are abused by some customers. In such cases, one cannot blame the companies. However, the corporations are expected to follow a few basic ethical prin ciples so that they would not hurt the physical and mental health of the people. There is a need for minimum government intervention in the corporate activities in order to encourage the businessmen to follow ethical principles while marketing their products. (Kotler) Although the main motive of the companies is to earn revenue and satisfy the demands of shareholders, the corporations are also expected to understand their social responsibility. While marketing the products, the companies need to analyze the positive and negative impact of such products on the society. The modern customer has obtained information regarding ethical principles that a company is expected to follow while introducing a product. Many academicians believe that the corporations need to introduce products that lead to  Ã‚   welfare of the society.

Where in the Country Should You Go to College

Where in the Country Should You Go to College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the biggest decisions you’ll make in the process of choosing a college is where in the country you’d like to be. There are some ways that location can impact your college experience and other ways that it can be irrelevant. I’ll give you an overview of why or why not location might matter to you and how you can make an informed choice about where to go! Why Might It Matter Where in the Country You Go to College? There are a few reasons why where your college is located might impact your experiences.Here are some things to consider. Your LocationWill Affect How Frequently You Can Visit Home If you choose to go to college in a part of the country that’s far from your hometown, you won’t be able to visit your parents and high school friends as often.You might have to spend some holidays apart from your family because of the costs and logistics of travel. If you go to college near where you live, you will probably be able to visit home and see your family very frequently.This can have its drawbacks if your parents are especially overbearing or you end up neglecting your social life at college and going home every weekend instead. Different Areas Are Better for Different Types of Career Opportunities If, for example, you want to go into the performing arts, it might be advantageous for you to be in a place like New York City for college.If you’re interested in computer science and the startup scene, you might fit better in the Bay Area in California. If you're interested in healthcare, you could consider going to school in a state like Massachusetts where there are many excellent hospitals. Certainareas of the country are known for their specialization in specific industries, so they might be better or worse places for you in terms of jobs andinternships. If you're already thinking about this in high school, it's officially time to mourn for your childhood. Cost of Living May Be Lower or Higher in Different Areas of the Country In general, it’s more expensive to live in coastal states, particularly in large cities.If you want to rent an apartment at some point in college, you’ll have a much easier time affording it in a Midwestern state than you willin New York City. Cities overall can end up costing you more money because of the price of going out to events and the temptation to eat off-campus all the time.New York City, San Francisco, and Washington D.C. lead the pack in term of the most expensive major US cities based on average rent and other costs of living. The Weather in Different Areas of the Country Varies Significantly This is a no-brainer, but it’s something to consider.In New England, you’ll experience the four seasons, but it might get extremely cold and unpleasant in the winter.In the South, you won’t have any problems keeping warm, but the heat can be brutal and seasonal changes are minimal.Some people might find that they’re happier in areas where it’s sunny and warm most of the time, and others might be eager to experience their first snowfall in college while sipping a mug of hot chocolate. Stop trying to make winter happen. It's not going to happen. Why Might It NotMatter Where in the Country You Go to College? Although there are some reasons to think about regional location as a factor in your college decision, you should also keep in mind that if the factors listed above aren’t important to you, your experiences won’t suffer based on where you are. You don’t need to be in a specific place to get a solid education. There may be more selective schools in certain areas, but there are at least a couple of schools in every region where the quality of your educational experience will be high.Some of the best schools are in remote areas that you wouldn’t think about, like Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, which is consistently ranked among the top liberal arts colleges in the country. Of course, this all depends on how strict your criteria is for a good school. If you're only interested in the top 20 colleges, most of them are in the northeast or on the west coast. If you expand your definition to include the top 200 colleges, it will be relatively easy to find a school that's up to your standards in any area of the country.Even if you think you’re an â€Å"East Coast† person or a â€Å"Southern† person, you’ll almost certainly meet students you can relate to in any geographical location.Although there may be different cultural norms in different parts of the country, you shouldn’t worry that you won’t find friends if you go somewhere new.At most colleges, there is a niche for every type of student.You might end up finding your best friends in a place you never expected! Much like this cleverly camouflaged owl, you will find your niche. WhereShouldYouGo to College? How Can You Decide? There are many factors that might play into this decision.Again, keep in mind that there is no â€Å"bad† area of the country for you to attend college. Where you are can make a difference in your experience, but it really comes down to personal preference.Here are a few questions you should ask yourself to guide your choices. How Comfortable Are You With Going Far From Home for College? This is probably the most significant question that goes into choosing the location of your college.If you want to visit home frequently, going to college on the other side of the country might be tough for you no matter how great the school is.If you're looking to get as far from home as possible, a school 3,000 miles away might be a better choice for you than a school that’s an hour away from your parents’ house. Going to school farther away from home can mean some tricky logistics in terms of transporting your belongings and organizing trips to see your family.Make sure you’re willing to navigate these issues and won’t be too bummed out if you can’t make it to Thanksgiving. Read this article for more advice on whether you should go to college close to home. Do You Have Any Specific Job Interests That Will Be Better Served in a Certain Area of the Country? As I mentioned, some parts of the country are known to provide the best opportunities in certain industries.If you already have some idea of what you want to study, you should investigate where you might go to be in the best place for internships and jobs in the industry.It’s possible to find opportunities for most job fields almost anywhere, but if you have strong convictions about your career path, it’s a good idea to position yourself strategically. If you’re still undecided in what you want to study, you shouldn’t worry too much about this! If you don't know what you love yet, that's okay. Your brain is still working on transitioning to adulthood. Are You Especially Concerned About the Costs of College? You don’t necessarily have to spend more money on college just because you’re in an expensive coastal city, but it’s likely enough that you should take it under consideration in your college decisions.If you’re hoping to live off campus at some point, you might want to avoid cities with really high rents. Costs tend to also be higher if you choose to go to college far from home but still plan on visiting semi-regularly. Plane tickets and shipping costs for your belongings can add up quickly. These factors may be of more or less importance depending on your financial aid situation and the scholarships colleges give you. Do You Have Any Climate Preferences? Which is worse in your opinion? Being too cold or being too hot?This shouldn’t play a huge role in your decision, but you might use it to guide your college search towards areas that fit better with your preferences.You probably shouldn’t go to school in Maine if you hate snow, and you probably shouldn’t go to school in Florida if you hate it when the air temperature makes you feel like you’re always in a sauna. Seasonal changes are also factors that might come into play.For example, since I grew up in Massachusetts, I have a lot of nostalgia surrounding fall in particular.Many traditions that come with the seasons are tied to changes in the weather that don’t happen in every area of the country. Apple picking and excessive apple consumption are both staples of my autumn experience. Conclusion "Where should I go to college?" is an important question. It may matter where in the country you go to college depending on how strong your preferences are for a certain type of experience.Some factors to consider include distance from home, potential job opportunities, costs of living, and weather patterns. One thing that the location of your college will not determine is the quality of your education. If you don’t feel very strongly about any of the factors listed, you shouldn’t worry too much about regional variation.As long as you love the school itself, you will have a great time in college no matter where you are! What's Next? Are you worried about the college application process? Take a look at my infographic showing the steps you'll need to take junior and senior year in order to successfully apply to college. How can you find a college that's the right fit for you? Read this guide to researching colleges to find out. College ranking lists have a strong hold on our perceptionsof the quality of different schools. Learn more about whether you should trust these lists when conducting your college research. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Artist Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artist Statement - Essay Example Some of the information include the creature habitats and habits. Further, nocturnal photos can be used in studying the rare animals that only come out at night because during the day they hide in their caves. These animals are known as nocturne creatures. Additionally, nocturnal photos on animals can be stored in archives for future reference thus act as a source of information to researches and zoology students in educational centres. In addition, this practice of taking photos is essential in establishing the near extinction animals. Thus helps to trigger the need to protect them from extinction by establishing measures that will mitigate the rate of extinction. However, nocturnal photos promotes art because it gives artisans ideas on what to draw and even curve thus enhancing creativity. Additionally, from the curves and the drawing future generations can learn about the creatures. Moreover, this photos in a way help to market countries to tourists who are in love with animals and wish to explore more. Through this, a country will receive an increase in the number of tourists visiting their nation, hence uplifting it gross domestic product. Furthermore, the characteristics that accompany the nocturnal photos can be of great use to game wardens by educating them on how to handle those animals effectively to avoid damage or injuries since some of them are poisonous. Secondly, nocturnal photos about human beings are taken in special occasions conducted during the night. Events like film shooting, fire bourn parties and many more. Therefore, these photos can be stored and referred to in future to remember the Good times in a person’s life. Thirdly, nocturnal photos about unique structural features are used to highlight the features of a nation. By doing this it will attract tourism to their states. This structural nocturnal photos can also be places in school libraries to teach the students

Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production Essay

Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production - Essay Example The research was designed to determine where the customer places blame for a negative outcome, or who they assign credit to for a positive outcome. The research in intended for any firm that distributes or produces goods and services where the customer participates in co-production. The research was conducted using undergraduate students in a controlled research study. It was conducted in two phases, which examined the customer's self-serving bias, or the degree that they took responsibility for a positive or negative outcome. The first phase examined the impact that the self-serving bias has on customer satisfaction, and the second phase examined methods to reduce the self-serving bias. It has been traditionally thought that the lowered price of a self-serve product and customer participation, such as with self-serve gasoline, would bring about greater satisfaction based on economics. However, there is also a level of psychological satisfaction with the firm that is based on the outcome of the transaction and the customer participation. The research found that if the outcome is positive, the customer has less satisfaction with the firm when they participate in the production. This indicates that the customer takes partial credit for the positive outcome.

Unconscious mind Essay Example for Free

Unconscious mind Essay ?The pioneer I chose to elaborate on is Carl Gustav Jung, his views and research tactics have contributed to today’s understanding of psychology and expanded our knowledge on several different aspects and elements of psychology. Jung is best known for his development of archetypes, studies of the human psyche, the dream analysis and the collective unconscious. Carl Jung was born July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland; he passed away on June 6, 1961 in Zurich. Originally Carl studied medicine, but also developed an interest in spiritual phenomena. This fascination with medicine and spirituality led him into the field of psychiatry. In 1902, he graduated from the University of Basel with a medical degree. Jung worked with psychiatric patients at the University of Zurich asylum. In 1906, he wrote Studies in Word Association and sent a copy to Sigmund Freud. The two became friends. His time spent working with Sigmund Freud had a major impact on Jung’s later theories and helped him develop a fascination for the unconscious mind. Jung wanted to further understanding of the human mind through dreams, myth, art and philosophy. Jung began to separate from Freudian theory, rejecting Freuds emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation. It was during this period of intense self-analysis that Jung became increasingly interested in dreams and symbols, later using what he learned during this time as the basis for his theories of psychology. Jung became more organized about his theoretical approach, broke from psychodynamic theories and formed his own theory called Analytical Psychology. Jungs colleagues in the psychoanalytic community turned against him due to parting from Freud. Carl devoted himself to exploring his own subconscious. He recorded his experience in a previously unpublished book known at The Red Book and continued to write and illustrate the book over the next fifteen years, the book became published in 2009. Jung believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Jung believed the collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species. Jung also believed that the process of individuation was essential in order for a person to become whole and fully developed as a human being. Individuation is a process in which the various parts of a person, including the conscious and unconscious, become completely integrated so that the individual becomes his or her true self. In general, it is the process by which individual beings are formed and differentiated from others. While Jungian theory has numerous critics, Carl Jungs work left a notable impact on psychology. His concepts of introversion and extraversion have contributed to personality psychology and also influenced psychotherapy. His advice to a patient suffering from alcoholism led to the formation of Alcoholics Anonymous, which has helped millions of people suffering from alcohol dependence. According to Jung, dreams are a way of communicating and acquainting yourself with the unconscious. Dreams are not attempts to conceal your true feelings from the waking mind, but rather they are a window to your unconscious. They serve to guide the waking self to achieve wholeness and offer a solution to a problem you are facing in your waking life. Jung views the ego as your sense of self and how you portray yourself to the world. Part of Jungs theory is that all things can be viewed as paired opposites: good/evil, male/female, or love/hate. So working in opposition to the ego, is the counter ego or what he refers to as the shadow. The shadow represents the rejected aspects of yourself that you do not wish to acknowledge. The shadow is more primitive, somewhat uncultured, and a little awkward. http://www. dreaminterpretation-dictionary. com/carl-jung-theory. html Archetypes constitute the structure of the collective unconscious they are psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent basic human behavior and situations. Thus mother-child relationship is governed by the mother archetype. Father-child by the father archetype. Birth, death, power and failure are controlled by archetypes. The religious and mystique experiences are also governed by archetypes. The most important of all is the Self, which is the archetype of the Center of the psychic person, his/her totality or wholeness. The Center is made of the unity of conscious and unconscious reached through the individuation process. Archetypes manifest themselves through archetypal images (in all the cultures and religious doctrines), in dreams and visions. Therefore a great deal of Jungian interest in psyche focuses on dreams and symbols interpretation in order to discover the compensation induced by archetypes as marks of psyche transformation. The collective unconscious is an universal datum, that is, every human being is endowed with this psychic archetype-layer since his/her birth. One can not acquire this strata by education or other conscious effort because it is innate. We may also describe it as a universal library of human knowledge, or the sage in man, the very transcendental wisdom that guides mankind. Jung stated that the religious experience must be linked with the experience of the archetypes of the collective unconscious. Thus, God himself is lived like a psychic experience of the path that leads one to the realization of his/her psychic wholeness. http://www. carl-jung. net/archetypes. html http://www. carl-jung. net/index. html.

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne Essay examples -- The Boy

A world in which old men can be degraded and abused, a world in which people wearing dirty, unwashed, striped uniforms are not seen as being oppressed, a world in which a starving boy of identical age yet vastly different physique is seen as simply being unfortunate - such a world cannot exist. Or can it? In the world of Bruno, this is precisely the way the world is. John Boyne's book "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas" invites the readers to embark on an imaginative journey at two levels. At the first level, Boyne himself embarks upon an imaginative journey that explores a possible scenario in relation to Auschwitz. Bruno is a 9 year old boy growing up in a loving, but typically authoritarian German family in the 1930?s. His father is a senior military officer who is appointed Commandant of Auschwitz ? a promotion that requires upheaval from their comfortable home in Berlin to an austere home in the Polish countryside. The story explores Bruno?s difficulty in accepting and adapting to this change - especially the loss of his friends and grandparents. Boyne gives personality and family to the sort of person who today is generally demonised by western writings - the people who administered and controlled the death camps in which over 6 million Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other deemed to be grossly inferior by Hitler and his cohorts. In so doing he encourages us to see a different world ? a world in which obedience is paramount and in which authority figures can never be questioned. He shows us the problem that surfaces when people who are trained to be obedient are confronted with orders that, if analysed and considered, can be clearly seen to be an affront to all human values and decency. People can happily obey ?The Fury? ... ... will inevitably become subsumed by the terrible process. Bruno's imaginative journey is a flight from reality. It is a classic example of the psychological "fight or flight" syndrome experienced by all animals (including humans) when they are confronted by something of which they are unsure or afraid - something which challenges their current reality. What Boyne does in this story is to use Bruno to show how either approach can be totally destructive: the critical lesson is that we must acknowledge reality and do what we can to remove the fences that would destroy not only ?us? but our entire world. All imaginative journeys lead to a revelation - both Bruno and the readers will come to realize that their imaginative journeys have transformed them and affected them in indescribable ways and we, the readers come to a realization as well about what is happening.

Drug Testing Law

Laws for the test of employees or job applicants for drug or alcohol abuse have evoked the consciousness of many since its inception in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed an Executive Order 12564, that prohibited all federal employees to refrain themselves from using illegal drugs, as a condition of federal employment. And then two years later, Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 which created federal Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing which was applied to executive agencies of the federal government, the uniformed services, and contractors or service providers under contract with the federal government.Although this Act was only applied to Federal governments yet states and Local Governments followed the suit.   There is no doubt of the fact that Drug and Alcohol abuse by employees creates loss of billions of dollars each year and gives a great set back to the economy as a whole yet from the employees point of view it is a sheer violation of their personal rights, and its misuse is a cause of humiliation to several prospective employees. It is moral duty of the employers to check the menace of drug edicts in the work place but this moral policing disrupts Kant’s theology of Categorical imperative.Internationally,   the of drug testing in work place is covered in a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12 whereby it is declared that â€Å"No one should be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy†.The 1996 ILO Code of Practice on Management of alcohol and drug-related issues declares that the testing should be undertaken in accordance to national laws and practice.  The Guiding Principles of this   testing, which is mentioned in the Annex V of the Code of Practice, clearly emphasis on workers rights, employers rights, public rights and individual rights.Infact even in 2003,   the International Labor Organization reported that , â€Å"Drug testing in the workplace is an issue beset with technical, legal and ethical controversies.†(Legal Testing In Work Place, Last Change On Tuesday, 31st October 2006.)Even the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950 to guarantees the right to privacy, except â€Å"in the interest of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder and crime, for the protection of health and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others† .In the European Union, In the European Directive 89/391/EEC on the introduction of encouraging in improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, applies according to Article 6 that the employer have a duty ensuring the safety and health of workers in every aspect related to the work, with Art.6(5) exonerating the workers from liability for financial cost.  Even in Artical 11 states that â€Å"Employers shall consult workers and/or their representatives and allow them to take part in dis cussions on all questions relating to safety and health at work†.In different countries there are different patterns for drug testing in the work place. Only Finland (2003), Ireland (2005) and Norway (2005) reports clearly and specifically addresses the issue of drug testing in the workplace.   Nevertheless, for different countries, there are different patterns/differences are visible.Kant believes that human beings plays a very important role in creation. Just merely passing the law does not the justify the action. The ordering of the use of drug in workplace is a system that cannot persuade moral action or regarded as bases for moral judgments, In his ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals' (1785) Kant gave us three versions of the Categorical Imperatives of all the moral commands are based:1. ‘Act as if the maxim of your action was to become through your will a universal law of nature.'In Christianity this simply means that ‘You treat others if you wan t others to treat you.' (Matthew 7:12). But the question arises how it is connected to Compulsory drug testing in work place? The reason is simple, the compulsory drug testing is itself a derogatory and you are treating others in humiliating manner.â€Å"'Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but at the same time as an end.'In this context it implies that drug testing is unfair, as the innocents who has never touched drugs all through the life have to face the testing which implies the test of urine. Humans are the most important factor in deciding what is moral or ethical and their suffering is never justified as a means to any end.3. ‘So act as if you were through your maxims a law-making member of a kingdom of ends'Before making or implementing any law, the rights of others should always be kept in mind. No one should involve himself or herself in Prisoner’s Dilemma i.e. n obody should just follow the selfish interests and others should also not become a puppet and gets stuck in the web of incredulous life.   The American Civil Liberties Union opposes indiscriminate urine testing (American Civil Liberties Union Briefing Paper Number 5 +—————————–+ DRU)The Kant theory says that human nature was fundamentally good and can understand and inherent in their character, the moral choices. It is immoral to take drug in Work places because it can be harmful to the company, but intruding into the privacy of the individual even if he or she is innocent which according to the company is an act of morality but amount to unethical behaviorAs the man was born in this world, he is carrying along generation to generation among others the characteristic or trait of what he called as Selfishness or selfish motive. And this trait is explicitly integrated in the theory Psychological egoism, which prop ounds that every person is in a possession of but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. All the activities that he does indirectly or directly are encircled around his or her own interest.   If you are doing something for your own sake that intricately involves your activity is benefiting yours and others and also must have desire to do the thing for your own sake.Desire is the most prerequisite thing for psychological egoism. If it is a desire to do certain things then the satisfaction of these desires is a part of your welfare. If I am helping others and here also your desire comes and is a part of welfare. In this case of drug testing, here the employers implies the drug testing for the welfare of others but it is his self interest or urge of profitability and maintaining morality in the work place that plays in the mind of the employers while imposing drug testing on employees. This is a law in itself but became a desire – a desire of employers.A bigger problem for psychol ogical egoism is that some behavior does not seem to be explained by self-regarding desires. Say a soldier throws himself on a grenade to prevent others from being killed. It does not seem that the soldier is pursuing his perceived self-interest. It is plausible that, if asked, the soldier would have said that he threw himself on the grenade because he wanted to save the lives of others or because it was his duty. While this law is encircled with lot of criticism, the psychological egoist implies that what employer is doing is right.Though he is pursuing his own self-interest then also it is advocated that what he is doing is good for the Society as a whole. But he might is taking away the right of job to the deserving or qualified candidate, it is also possible that though he must he taking drugs in the past but has recently put an end to it. In this situation, you are deriving his or her fundamental right to live.This psychological egoist indicates that companies should adopt the method or procedures by propagating the welfare and profit that is attached to this law, and then implemented with the self-interest of the company, explaining all the positive effects to the people.In-fact, the law states that you don't have to submit to drug testing if you don't want to. That's your right. But, the consequences might be the same if you failed to comply the drug testing, because then you will be considered guilty until you are proven innocent under the current program. Again, under municipal or state drug testing laws, an employer might have good cause to fire you, while potential employers might refuse to hire you.This drug testing may reduce drug-related problems, but it may not reduce the harm that the drugs caused in society. Indeed, this process increases the harm to those not deterred, by causing collateral harmful impacts on family members and others.Its desire impact on the Society is the decrease in employment opportunities for drug users, additionally it also creates economic problems for drug users and their families, and in turn the trauma that is caused due to unemployment again increases the chances of drug users towards more use of drugs to relieve from trauma and stress. For example, in 1990, 1.1 % of employed adults use the cocaine, whereas the rate for unemployed adults was 2.7%, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991. Thus the removal of drug use from the work place may not reduce the number of problem users but may actually increase it.REFERANCES1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legal status of drug testing in the workplace, http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.Content;nNodeID=16901;sLanguageISO=EN, Last change: Tuesday, 31 October 20062.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Testing in the Workplace, From the ‘Lectric Law Library's stacks, http://www.lectlaw.com/files/emp02.htm3.      Shaver Robert, (4th Nov. 2002), â€Å"Egoism†, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Abraham Lincoln, Melungeon or Myth? Essay

Some historian believe that Abraham Lincoln was born an illegitimate child to Abraham Enloe and Nancy Hanks. It is possible that Abraham Lincoln could be tied to the Melungeon heritage through both of his parents? Many growing number of historians believe that Abraham Lincoln possess many qualities that distinguishes him as a Melungeon, and in fact believe that he is a direct descendant. The questioning of his parentage generates much interest and theories in regards to this great Presidents past. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1908. His father was â€Å"said to be† Thomas Lincoln and his mother Nancy Hanks. He was born in a log cabin in Sinking Springs, in Hardin County Kentucky. After the death of his mother, his father remarried a wonderful lady named Sarah Bush. Abraham loved his step-mother and became very close to her and her 3 children. Despite his relationship with step-mother Sarah, Abraham did not maintain a good relationship with his father because of his resentment he held towards him having to turn all his wages over to him by some sort of law. Because of Lincoln’s hatred of slavery, which denied to slaves the â€Å"fruits of the labor† (McPherson 3), some people believe it may have influenced Thomas Lincoln expropriation of Abrahams’ earnings. Their relationship became so strained that when his father called him to his death bed, Lincoln refused to make the 80 miles trip to see him. His father died with no goodbyes given. Despit e Lincolns troubled and humble beginnings, he was able to self-educate himself, mainly by reading lots of books and became a very successful lawyer. In the American peoples’ eyes, Lincoln’s tale of â€Å"rags to riches†, is the ultimate â€Å"American† success story (Steers, Edward). There have been many myths, hoaxes and misconceptions regarding one of our greatest President throughout the years. During his early political career there was lots negative campaigning that was used to the taint his  campaign, just like we see and hear of today. Charges of illegitimacy were often hinted at because of the negative effect it had on the accused. â€Å"Illegitimate† people were considered defective. Lincoln’s paternity has long been in question due to the knowledge that a bastard son was born to a man named Abraham Enloe (Barton 18). The mother of the baby boy was a servant girl who worked in the Enloe household name Nancy Hanks (Lincoln’s mother). The question of his parentage generated much interest because of this claim and because Lincoln himself was reluctant to comment on his father and mother. Folks believed that it served as some sort of evidence of his knowledge and shame of his illegitimate birth. Authors Kennedy, N. Brent, and Robyn Vau ghan Kennedy. The Melungeons: the resurrection of a proud people: an untold story of ethnic cleansing in America. 2nd, rev., and corr. ed. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1997. Print. Presents the question of whether or not Abraham Lincoln was Melungeon himself, making him the first Melungeon (tri-racial) President. According to Ely Gallegos (a research team member), there is a great deal of circumstantial evidence that Lincoln shared a Melungeon heritage, possibly through both parents. Lincoln’s family fits the Melungeon model very well. Lincoln’s paternal grandfather also named Abraham Lincoln, immigrated with his wife Bathsheba Herring and their 5 children to Kentucky. Why would an established settler leave the beautiful Shenandoah Valley for the wild, untamed lands of Indian-dominated Kentucky? Money? Possibly a Melungeon movement? Lincoln’s father features also fit the description of a Melungeon. His mother, Nancy Hanks was born an illegitimate child to Lucy Hanks. H istory has no record of the identity of Nancy’s father. Nancy also had many characteristics of a non-Anglo (Sandburg 30). Her hair dark, dark brown, keen little gray eyes, outstanding forehead, somewhat accented chin and cheek bones and a body of slender build. Because of the geographical location of the Lincoln’s family and outstanding questions of Lincoln’s heritage, this leads to the theory of many researchers that Lincoln could possibly be a Melungeon himself. If true, this would make Abraham Lincoln the first (tri-racial) President. Brent Kennedy, an author who wrote the book â€Å"The Melungeons†, a spent a great deal of time writing about a time of â€Å"ethnic cleansing in American† and shares details on how the Melungeons seemed to disappear during the time of the first â€Å"census taking†. Because of their tri-racial ethnicity, they  did not fit under any category listed on the Census, so for â€Å"recordkeeping† purposes, they were categorized as either melotos/white/Indian/Africa Am erican, when in fact they were â€Å"all†. Melungeons were suggested to be descendants from â€Å"tri-racial isolates† (Los Angeles Times), a mixture of whites, blacks and American Indian who historians say interbred along Appalchia’s ridges during the 18th centuries. Old documents and stories passed down throught the generations tell a tale of â€Å"Portugese† Berbers, â€Å"sheperd-like† people who came to American in ships. They were proposed to be decendants of early Portuese, Spanish, Sephardic Jewish Mulims, Moorish, and/or Gypsy/Roma colonish in the southeastern United States (Kennedy 1997; Hirschman 2005; Price 1953), that were exiled from Spain and Portugal through a religious witch-hunt know as the â€Å"Spanish Inquisition†. Many of them settled in the hills of the Appalachian Mountians. Over time The Melugeons, were pushed off their lands, denied their rights, murdered, mistreated and became an embittered and nearly defeated people. They tried to fit in with Anglo neighbors, but lost their heritaage, their culture, their names and their original religion, but not their genetic structure. Many folks who believed themselves to be of Melungeons decendant, have become a part of â€Å"on-going† research which even includes giving blood samples. There continues to be actual on-going Melungeon DNA studies still taking place still today. Lincoln’s paternity has long been in question due to the knowledge that a bastard son was born to a man named Abraham Enloe (Barton 18). The mother of the baby boy, was a servant girl who worked in the Enloe household named Nancy Hanks (Lincoln’s mother). The question of his parentage generated much interest and because Lincoln himself was reluctant to comment on his father and mother. Folks believed that served as some sort of evidence of his knowledge and shame of his illegitimate birth. During his campaign many people tried to use this information against him. They tried to discredit him, by calling him â€Å"illegitimate†. Many people still today are interested in the fact that Abraham Lincoln may been the fir st â€Å"tri-racial† President. A couple hundred years later after his birth, there are still many unanswered questions regarding Abraham Lincoln. â€Å"Robert Ingersoll said it best. â€Å"Lincoln, he proclaimed† was a not a-type, He stands alone-no ancestors, no fellows, no successors†. Even the word Melungeon became a most disparging term. To be legally classified as a  Melungeon, meant to be â€Å"Nobody at all†. What would it have meant for Abraham Lincoln, a â€Å"self-educated†, depressed human being, born in a one room cabin to illegitmate parents to be labeled a â€Å"Melungeon†? Would the American people have voted for him? Did Lincoln’s passionate spirit to â€Å"free the slaves† come deep from within or did it come from darker place then anybody could ever have imagined? Just how different would the pages of our history books read, if people would have truly believed that Abraham Lincoln was a â€Å"Nobody†, a Melungeon? Work Cited Alexander, J. Trent, Chad Berry, Beth Bissmeyer, Donna Corriher, Rodger Cunningham, Damon Falke, Steve Fisher, William Gorgy, Jesse Graves, Margaret Gregor, Elizabeth Hirschman, John Lang, Robert Ludke, Irene McKinney, Lindsey Martin, Phillip Obermiller, Eric Rademacher, Mark Roberts, Emily Satterwhite, Barbara Smith, Shilah Turner, Jennifer Westerman, David Whisnant, and Donal Yates. â€Å"Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review.† Toward a Genetic Profile of Melungeons in South Appalachia 38 (2010)111. Print. Kennedy, N. Brent, and Robyn Vaughan Kennedy. The Melungeons: the resurrection of a proud people: an untold story of ethnic cleansing in America. 2nd, rev., and corr. ed. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1997. Print. McPherson, James M.. Abraham Lincoln. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2009. Print. Sandler, Martin W.. Lincoln through the lens: how photography revealed and shaped an extraordinary life. New York: Walker Pub. Co., 2008. Print. Steers, Edward. Lincoln legends myths, hoaxes, and confabulations associated with our greatest president. â€Å"Lincoln’s Father: The Paternity of Abraham Lincoln†. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007.14-28 Print.

Depression Is Serious Effect of Racism on Children

Depression Is Serious Effect of Racism on Children It’s often said that children don’t see race, but that’s far from true; they not only see race but also feel the effects of racism, which can manifest as depression. Even pre-schoolers notice racial differences between groups, and as children age, they tend to separate themselves into race-based cliques, making some students feel alienated. More problems arise when children use racial stereotypes to bully their classmates. Being ridiculed, ignored or slighted because of race has a detrimental effect on children. Studies show that encountering racial bigotry can lead children to suffer from depression and behavioral problems. Racism can even lead teens and young adults to drop out of school. Sadly, the racial discrimination children experience doesn’t exclusively involve their peers, as adults are perpetrators too. The good news is that children with strong support systems can overcome the challenges racial bigotry presents. Racism, Depression, and Black and Latino Youths A 2010 study of 277 children of color presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting in Vancouver revealed a strong link between racial discrimination and depression. Roughly two-thirds of the study subjects were black or Latino, while another 19 percent were multiracial. Study lead Lee M. Pachter asked the youths if they’d been discriminated against in 23 different ways, including being racially profiled while shopping or called offensive names. Eighty-eight percent of the kids said they had indeed experienced racial discrimination. Pachter and his team of researchers also surveyed the children about their mental health. They found that racism and depression go hand in hand. â€Å"Not only do most minority children experience discrimination, but they experience it in multiple contexts: in schools, in the community, with adults and with peers,† Pachter said. â€Å"It’s kind of like the elephant in the corner of the room. It’s there, but nobody really talks about it. And it may have significant mental and physical health consequences in these children’s lives.† Overcoming Bigotry and Depression The results of a five-year study conducted by researchers in California, Iowa, and Georgia found that racism can lead to depression and behavioral problems. In 2006, the study of more than 700 black youth appeared in the publication of Child Development. The researchers determined that children who’d endured name-calling, race-based insults, and stereotyping were more likely to report trouble sleeping, mood swings, and difficulty concentrating, according to ABC News. Black boys victimized by racism were also more likely to get into fights or shoplift. The silver lining, however, is that children with supportive parents, friends, and teachers weathered the challenges of racism much better than their peers lacking such support networks. â€Å"The outlook was brighter, though, for children whose homes, friends, and schools protected them from discrimination’s negative influences,† said Gene Brody, the study’s lead researcher, in a press release. â€Å"Children, whose parents stayed involved in their lives, kept track of their whereabouts, treated them with warm affection, and communicated clearly with them, were less likely to develop problems due to their experiences with discrimination.† Racism as a Source of Depression in Young Adults Teenagers and young adults are not immune to the effects of racism. According to the University of California, Santa Cruz, college students who experience racism might feel like outsiders on campus or pressure to prove the stereotypes about their racial group wrong. They might also suspect that they’re being treated differently because of race and consider dropping out of school or transferring to another school to alleviate their symptoms of depression and anxiety. With one university after another making headlines in recent years when students organize parties with racially offensive themes, it’s likely that today’s students of color feel even more vulnerable on campus than their predecessors did. Hate crimes, racist graffiti, and small numbers of minority groups in the student body may make a young adult feel completely alienated in academia. UCSC asserts that it’s important for students of color to practice good self-care to prevent racism from sending them into a depression. â€Å"It may sometimes be hard to resist using unhealthy ways to cope, such as using drugs and alcohol excessively or isolating oneself from the broader community,† according to UCSC. â€Å"Taking good care of your physical, mental, and spiritual health will leave you better equipped to cope with the stress of bias, and make empowered choices for yourself.†

3 Modifiers Left Dangling Without a Supporting Subject

3 Modifiers Left Dangling Without a Supporting Subject 3 Modifiers Left Dangling Without a Supporting Subject 3 Modifiers Left Dangling Without a Supporting Subject By Mark Nichol An introductory phrase intended to modify the subject of a sentence is said to be left hanging when the main clause it precedes begins with a reference to a noun that is not the subject of the sentence- hence the label â€Å"dangling modifier.† In each of the sentences below, the subject is faulty; the paragraph following each discusses the problem, and a revision remedies it. 1. By automating the process, the accuracy of the transactional data is easier to verify. This sentence implies that accuracy is automating the process, but the actual actor is hidden by the dangling modifier. In order for that introductory phrase to work, the subject must refer to who or what is doing the automating, and the rest of the sentence must be revised accordingly: â€Å"By automating the process, a company can more easily verify the accuracy of the transactional data.† 2. With an attention span as short as eight seconds and an inclination to multitask between three to five screens, communicating with young employees continues to be a struggle. Here, the act of communicating with young employees has been assigned a short attention span and a propensity for multitasking. The sentence must be revised to clearly indicate that it is the young employees themselves who have those characteristics: â€Å"Communicating with young employees, who have an attention span as short as eight seconds and an inclination to multitask between three to five screens, continues to be a struggle.† 3. Unlike our many advancements you have applauded, we have heard loud and clear that this is a concept our customer base does not want. This statement compares â€Å"we† with the â€Å"we† entity’s many applauded advancements, but the counterpoint of the reference to these advancements must be a mention, if only as a pronoun, of the unfortunate advancement the customer base has not supported: â€Å"Unlike our many advancements you have applauded, this is a concept our customer base has stated loud and clear that it does not want.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterFlier vs. Flyer5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

Affecting Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Affecting Change - Research Paper Example This is particularly so as a result of the high volume of reports and referrals, together with budget cuts (Waldfogel, 1998). As a result, there are many instances in which some children at high risk of maltreatment are not identified and in other cases, too much attention is turned toward children who are not at a genuine risk of abuse or neglect (Waldfogel, 1998). It has been widely suggested that community partnerships can improve CPS responsiveness and foster an environment capable of ensuring that children are safe (France & Utting, 2005). This paper investigates the feasibility of community partnerships as a method of improving the current CPS system. The first part of this paper details and analyzes the current CPS system. The second part of this paper will analyze the concept of community partnerships and demonstrates how it can improve the current CPS system and in turn improve the safety of children. Munro (2005) describes the current CPS system in Western ideology as similar to that of the functioning of a nuclear power plant. According to Munro (2005), like a nuclear power plant, the CPS system is focused on the prevention of disaster, injury and death. While this is not necessarily a bad thing, it focuses far too much attention on prevention rather than cure. However, the main problem is attributed to the fact that when errors are made and disaster, injury of death occurs, quite often humans rather than the system are blamed for the error. This focuses attention on personnel changes rather than systematic changes (Munro, 2005). A review of the literature suggests that the current CPS system is built around a rigid â€Å"investigative response to child maltreatment reports†, is â€Å"adversarial† in nature and does not does not take a holistic approach to meeting the needs of the family (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2009, p. 1). A national survey of CPS conducted by the US Department of Health and Human

Gambling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gambling - Research Paper Example But the surrounding population, which is not actively involved in gambling also, suffers from its impact, positive as well as negative. The business of gambling has been a major contender of policy makers’ dialogue since long. But unfortunately, the lack of research, especially eminent research has been hindering any positive conclusions. Furthermore, contentious and biased suggestions and studies made in this field are disabling people to determine the bang of gambling in true essence. INTRODUCTION Many countries, especially the ones suffering from economic adversity consider that gambling can be a universal remedy and magic potion to their economic and social problems. Countries having high rate of unemployment deem gambling business as a glorious opportunity of their economic revival. This includes gambling enterprises, lottery tickets and especially destination resorts. In addition, federal, local and state governments receive large amounts of money out of this business in terms taxes and receipt of lottery tickets. However, there are huge costs associated in this business along with these benefits. There exist two opponent schools of thought regarding the gambling business. The one in favor of this field regard it as a source of recreation and quick income to the people. They divide gambling in two distinct categories: Leisure gambling and Lottery gaming. According to this group, people do leisure gambling in order to add relief and entertainment to their hectic lives. This is like other recreational activities such as listening to music, playing chess or golf, etc. Whereas, Lottery gaming is done with a longing of winning large prizes. The opponent group believes that gambling or lotteries, in any way, are based on miscalculations and elusive anticipations. According to this group, the lottery player or gambler always is a victim of these illusions and misconstructions. Famous economists say that customers/ people are the common target of this busi ness. So, the effect of gambling on economy depends upon its actual impact on people individually and communities in general. Unquestionably, such sectors of business, like money-making casinos, hotels and destination resorts offer jobs with good remunerations; this include smart salary and fringe benefits such as health care, advance education and work related trainings. Moreover, the class entertainment is itself a qualitative economic and social benefit to people. These benefits monetarily support the hard beaten families and individuals but unfortunately, these benefits do not get there alone but along with a host of incontrovertible and momentous costs. Increasing number of people suffering from crisis of pathological gambling, time and again results in impoverishment, felony, suicide, separation, violence or maltreatment. Various recent studies and researches have tried to calculate these costs to society in general and individuals in particular, but no dollar amount can actua lly characterize what a mislaid or stray parent, life partner or kid means to the left over family. Furthermore, most of these costs are indirect and quantifying the costs of emotional impairs and its long lasting impact on families and their children is not possible. In many ways, the substantial impacts from problem gambling can be considered as comparable to the financial impacts of alcohol